A reference curve is one course. Filling the ply means generating every other course from it. Three families: parallel curves (equidistant, so few gaps and overlaps, but on curved surfaces the angle drifts and the offset itself is hard to compute), shifted curves (simple and fast, but neither equidistant nor on-angle), and independent curves (each course chases the local direction, so steering stays low but courses converge and diverge, and short courses mean many cuts).

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