A defect isn't fully understood until it's seen through five lenses, the book's "viewpoint modelling": Cause (what most likely made it), Anticipation (could the process plan have predicted and prevented it), Existence (how it looks and how it's found, before and after cure), Significance (how much it hurts the part), and Progression (does it grow in service). Every defect in this chapter gets an ID card built on these lenses. The significance lens gets numbers: a gap is a strip of resin, and by the rule of mixtures resin is tens of times softer than the laminate around it.

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